X
X
Total 393357 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta3 receptor | Beta adrenergic receptor found in brown adipose tissue, which stimulates lipolysis and thermogenesis. This receptor class has a low affinity for beta1 and beta2 receptors, but a high affinity for BRL 37344 and its derivatives. It is located mainly in adipose tissue and is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. Some β3 agonists have demonstrated antistress effects in animal studies, suggesting it also has a role in the CNS. Beta3-Receptors are found in the gallbladder, urinary bladder, and in brain adipose tissue. Their role in gallbladder physiology is unknown, but they are thought to play a role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown fat. In the urinary bladder it is thought to cause relaxation of the bladder and prevention of urination. | ILX:0101255 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Betamethasone | A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) Pharmacology: Betamethasone and its derivatives, betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate, are synthetic glucocorticoids. Used for its antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive properties, betamethasone is combined with a mineralocorticoid to manage adrenal insufficiency and is used in the form of betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone dipropionate, or betamethasone valerate for the treatment of inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Betamethasone and clotrimazole are used together to treat cutaneous tinea infections. Mechanism of action: Betamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Betamethasone binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Asthmatic Agents. Anti-inflammatory Agents. Anti-inflammatory, steroidal. Corticosteroid. Glucocorticoids. Immunosuppressive Agents | ILX:0101256 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Betaxolol | A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Betaxolol is a competitive, beta(1)-selective (cardioselective) adrenergic antagonist. Betaxolol is used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, glaucoma, and is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Activation of beta(1)-receptors (located mainly in the heart) by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Drugs such as betaxolol that block these receptors therefore have the reverse effect: they lower the heart rate and blood pressure and hence are used in conditions when the heart itself is deprived of oxygen. They are routinely prescribed in patients with ischemic heart disease. In addition, beta(1)-selective blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. Betaxolol is lipophilic and exhibits no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) or membrane stabilizing activity. Mechanism of action: Betaxolol selectively blocks catecholamine stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. This results in a reduction of heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and possibly reflex orthostatic hypotension. Betaxolol can also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles, causing bronchospasm. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists. Antihypertensive Agents. EENT Drugs. Sympatholytics | ILX:0101257 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Betazole | A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Betazole is a histamine H2 agonist used in a test for measuring maximal production of gastric acidity or anacidity. This measurement can be used to diagnose diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, whereby the volume of gastric and basal secretions is measured following betazole administration (greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation). In another test, gastritis can be diagnosed given late absence of gastric acid which is unresponsive to betazole stimulation. Betazole can be used as a gastric secretory stimulant instead of histamine with the advantage of not provoking side effects and thus not requiring the use of antihistaminic compounds. Mechanism of action: Betazole is a histamine analogue. It produces the same effects as histamine, binding the H2 receptor which is a mediator of gastric acid secretion. This agonist action thereby results in an increase in the volume of gastric acid produced. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Diagnostic Agents. Gastrointestinal Agents. Histamine Agonists | ILX:0101258 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bethanechol | A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic (cholinergic) used for the treatment of acute postoperative and postpartum nonobstructive (functional) urinary retention and for neurogenic atony of the urinary bladder with retention. Bethanechol, a cholinergic agent, is a synthetic ester which is structurally and pharmacologically related to acetylcholine. It increases the tone of the detrusor urinae muscle, usually producing a contraction sufficiently strong to initiate micturition and empty the bladder. It stimulates gastric motility, increases gastric tone, and often restores impaired rhythmic peristalsis. Bethanechol chloride is not destroyed by cholinesterase and its effects are more prolonged than those of acetytcholine. Mechanism of action: Bethanechol acts by selectively stimulating muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system, inducing no affect on nicotinic receptors. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Muscarinic Agonists. Parasympathomimetics | ILX:0101259 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bethanidine | A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. Pharmacology: Bethanidine is a guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear. Although bethanidine may produce adverse effects, they are beneficial in severe hypertension and produce fewer side effects than guanethidine. Mechanism of action: Bethanidine, a guanidine derivative, is a peripherally acting antiadrenergic agent. Bethanidine effectively decreases blood pressure by suppressing renin secretion or interfering with function of the sympathetic nervous system. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic Agents. Antihypertensive Agents. Sympatholytics | ILX:0101260 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bevacizumab | A recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody that binds to and inhibits the biologic activity of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bevacizumab contains human framework regions and the complementarity-determining regions of a murine antibody that binds to VEGF. Bevacizumab is produced in a Chinese Hamster Ovary mammalian cell expression system in a nutrient medium containing the antibiotic gentamicin and has a molecular weight of approximately 149 kilodaltons. Pharmacology: Bevacizumab prevents or reduces the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) thereby preventing or reducing metatstatic disease progressing. Bevacizumab binds VEGF and prevents vascular endothelial growth and endothelial cell proliferation. Mechanism of action: Bevacizumab binds VEGF and prevents the interaction of VEGF to its receptors (Flt-1 and KDR) on the surface of endothelial cells. This prevents blood vessel growth. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Investigational. Drug category: Antiangiogenesis Agents. Antineoplastic Agents | ILX:0101261 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bevantolol | Bevantolol is a beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist that has been shown to be as effective as other beta blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Mechanism of Action Animal experiments confirm both agonist and antagonist effects on alpha-receptors, in addition to antagonist activity at beta-1 receptors. Pharmacology: Bevantolol is a beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist that has been shown to be as effective as other beta blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Mechanism of action: Animal experiments confirm both agonist and antagonist effects on alpha-receptors, in addition to antagonist activity at beta-1 receptors. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists. Antihypertensive Agents. Calcium Channel Blockers | ILX:0101262 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bexarotene | Bexarotene (Targretin) is an oral antineoplastic agent indicated by the FDA for Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. It has been used off-label for lung cancer, breast cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Bexarotene is a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activate retinoid X receptors (RXRs). These retinoid receptors have biologic activity distinct from that of retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Bexarotene is indicated for the treatment of cutaneous manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. Bexarotene selectively binds and activates retinoid X receptor subtypes (RXRa, RXRb, RXRg). RXRs can form heterodimers with various receptor partners such as retinoic acid receptors (RARs), vitamin Dy receptor, thyroid receptor, and peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs). Once activated, these receptors function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes that control cellular differentiation and proliferation. Bexarotene inhibits the growth in vitro of some tumor cell lines of hematopoietic and squamous cell origin. It also induces tumor regression in vivo in some animal models. Mechanism of action: The exact mechanism of action of bexarotene in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is unknown. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anticarcinogenic Agents | ILX:0101263 | 5 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Bezafibrate | Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Bezafibrate is an antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins. Bezafibrate lowers elevated blood lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol). Elevated VLDL and LDL are reduced by treatment with bezafibrate, whilst HDL-levels are increased. The activity of triglyceride lipases (lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipoproteinlipase) involved in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is increased by bezafibrate. In the course of the intensified degradation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL) precursors for the formation of HDL are formed which explains an increase in HDL. Furthermore, cholesterol biosynthesis is reduced by bezafibrate, which is accompanied by a stimulation of the LDL-receptor-mediated lipoprotein catabolism. Elevated fibrinogen appears to be an important risk-factor, alongside the lipids, smoking and hypertension, in the development of atheroma. Fibrinogen plays an important role in viscosity, and therefore blood flow, and also appears to play an important role in thrombus development and lysability. Bezafibrate exerts an effect on thrombogenic factors. A significant decrease in elevated plasma fibrinogen levels can be achieved. This may lead, amongst other things, to a reduction in both blood and plasma viscosity. Inhibition of platelet aggregation has also been observed. A reduction in blood glucose concentration due to an increase in glucose tolerance has been reported in diabetic patients. In the same patients, the concentration of fasting and postprandial free fatty acids was reduced by bezafibrate. Mechanism of action: Like the other fibrates, bezafibrate is an agonist of PPAR; some studies suggest it may have some activity on PPAR and PPAR as well. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antilipemic Agents | ILX:0101264 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bi-directional | two directions. | ILX:0101265 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Biaxial Tissue Analysis | measures the tensile mechanical properties of soft natural tissues and biomaterials. | ILX:0101266 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bibliography | A list of publications such as scientic papers or books. | ILX:0101267 | 4 | scicrunch | 06/11/2021 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bicalutamide | Bicalutamide is an oral non-steroidal anti-androgen for prostate cancer. It binds to the androgen receptor. Pharmacology: Bicalutamide is an antineoplastic hormonal agent primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Bicalutamide is a pure, nonsteroidal anti-androgen with affinity for androgen receptors (but not for progestogen, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors). Consequently, Bicalutamide blocks the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin which stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate cancer is mostly androgen-dependent and can be treated with surgical or chemical castration. To date, antiandrogen monotherapy has not consistently been shown to be equivalent to castration. Mechanism of action: Bicalutamide competes with androgen for the binding of androgen receptors, consequently blocking the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin which stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Androgen Antagonists. Antineoplastic Agents | ILX:0101268 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bicarbonate stimulus transduction | A sensory transduction event whereby chemoreceptors in the carotid body of higher mammals detect the amount of plasma bicarbonate communicating this signal to medullary neurons involved in control of respiratory rate. Higher pH derives primarily from higher plasma pCO2. The medullary neurons increase respiratory rate in response to a rise in pH, so as to vent more CO2 and thereby decrease pH back toward neutral (BB: 2008-03-13) | ILX:0101269 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Biconcave | A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of curving inward on both sides or surfaces | ILX:0101270 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Biconvex | Convex on both sides or surface. | ILX:0101271 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bidirectional | Two directional | ILX:0101272 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bifurcated | A division into two branches. | ILX:0101273 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Big brown bat | ILX:0101274 | 7 | scicrunch | 10/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
About
Base community for the SciCrunch.org infrastructure
Contact Us
X