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Total 393357 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diazinon | Organic Compound;Pesticide;Organophosphate; Diazinon is the common name of O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-yl)phosphorothioate, a synthetic organophosphorus pesticide. It was formerly used as the active ingredient in household and garden products used to control pests such as flies, fleas, and cockroaches. Its use is now restricted to agricultural purposes and is used mainly on fruit and vegetable field crops. | ILX:0103200 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Diazoxide | A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions. This switches off voltage-gated calcium ion channels which inhibits the generation of an action potential. Mechanism of action: As a diuretic, diazoxide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like diazoxide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of diazoxide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. As a antihypoglycemic, diazoxide inhibits insulin release from the pancreas, probably by opening potassium channels in the beta cell membrane. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antihypertensive Agents. Diuretics, Thiazide. Vasodilator Agents | ILX:0103201 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene | Organic Compound;Industrial By-product/Pollutant;Aromatic Hydrocarbon;Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon; Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene is one of over 100 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). | ILX:0103202 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dibromochloropropane | Organic Compound;Pesticide;Organochloride;Organobromide; Dibromochloropropane is a manufactured chemical and the active ingredient in the nematicide Nemagon, also known as Fumazone. | ILX:0103203 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dibucaine | A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006) Pharmacology: Dibucaine is an amide-type local anesthetic, similar to lidocaine. Mechanism of action: Local anesthetics block both the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses by decreasing the neuronal membrane's permeability to sodium ions. This reversibly stabilizes the membrane and inhibits depolarization, resulting in the failure of a propagated action potential and subsequent conduction blockade. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anesthetics, Local | ILX:0103204 | 4 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Dichlorphenamide | A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Dichlorphenamide is an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor indicated for adjunctive treatment of: chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma where delay of surgery is desired in order to lower intraocular pressure. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by partially suppressing the secretion of aqueous humor (inflow). Mechanism of action: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by partially suppressing the secretion of aqueous humor (inflow), although the mechanism by which they do this is not fully understood. Evidence suggests that HCO3- ions are produced in the ciliary body by hydration of carbon dioxide under the influence of carbonic anhydrase and diffuse into the posterior chamber which contains more Na+ and HCO3- ions than does plasma and consequently is hypertonic. Water is then attracted to the posterior chamber by osmosis, resulting in a drop in pressure. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antiglaucomic Agents. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Ophthalmics | ILX:0103205 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dichotic listening task | No definition submitted yet. | ILX:0103206 | 4 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Diclofenac | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Diclofenac is an acetic acid nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Diclofenac is used to treat pain, dysmenorrhea, ocular inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and actinic keratosis Mechanism of action: The antiinflammatory effects of diclofenac are believed to be due to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and the enzyme cylooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), leading to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. As prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors, inhibition of their synthesis is responsible for the analgesic effects of diclofenac. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat dissipation. Drug type: Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) | ILX:0103207 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dicloxacillin | One of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Dicloxacillin is a beta-lactamase resistant penicillin similar to oxacillin. Dicloxacillin has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of dicloxacillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through dicloxacillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Dicloxacillin is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Mechanism of action: Dicloxacillin exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-susceptible microorganisms during the state of active multiplication. All penicillins inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, dicloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that dicloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Bacterial Agents. Penicillins | ILX:0103208 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| DICOM administration attribute | Attributes having to do with the administration of images or devices using the DICOM standard | ILX:0103209 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| DICOM term | Term from the DICOM standard, a comprehensive set of standards for communications between medical imaging devices, including handling, storing and transmitting information in medical imaging (adapted from NCI Thesaurus) | ILX:0103210 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dicondylia | ILX:0103211 | 4 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Dictyoptera | ILX:0103212 | 5 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Dicumarol | An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Dicumarol is an coumarin-like compound found in sweet clover. It is used as an oral anticoagulant and acts by inhibiting the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X). It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. Mechanism of action: Dicumarol inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decresed prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anticoagulants. Enzyme Inhibitors. Uncoupling Agents | ILX:0103213 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dicyclomine | A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Dicyclomine is an anticholinergic drug, a medication that reduces the effect of acetylcholine, a chemical released from nerves that stimulates muscles, by blocking the receptors for acetylcholine on smooth muscle (a type of muscle). It also has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle. Dicyclomine is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract in the irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, Dicyclomine inhibits gastrointestinal propulsive motility and decreases gastric acid secretion and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal and bronchial secretions. Mechanism of action: Action is achieved via a dual mechanism: (1) a specific anticholinergic effect (antimuscarinic) at the acetylcholine-receptor sites and (2) a direct effect upon smooth muscle (musculotropic). Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anticholinergic Agents. Antimuscarinics. Antispasmodics. Muscarinic Antagonists. Parasympatholytics | ILX:0103214 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Didanosine | A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Didanosine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Didanosine differs from other nucleoside analogues, as it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Didanosine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. Didanosine is effective against HIV, and usually used in combination with other antiviral therapy. Switching from long term AZT treatment to didanosine has been shown to be beneficial. Didanosine has weak acid stability and therefore, it is often combined with an antacid. Mechanism of action: Didanosine (ddI) is metabolized intracellularly by a series of cellular enzymes to its active moiety, dideoxyadenosine triphosphate (ddATP), which inhibits the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively by competing with natural dATP. It also acts as a chain terminator by its incorporation into viral DNA as the lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-HIV Agents. Antimetabolites. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors | ILX:0103215 | 4 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Dieldrin | Organic Compound;Pesticide;Organochloride; Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide, either by itself or as a component of the closely related insectide aldrin. As dieldrin is neurotoxin and tends to bioaccumulate, its use is now banned in most parts of the world. | ILX:0103216 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Diencephalon | Part of the brain consisting of the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Epithalamus; and Subthalamus are derived.(MeSH) | ILX:0103217 | 10 | scicrunch | 11/30/2020 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Diencephalon of CIVM postnatal rat brain atlas | The diencephalon can be segmented in coronal T2-weighted MRI. The rostral border is defined by the emergence of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, which appears as a bright spot just caudal to the fornix and medial to the stria medullaris. This small area rapidly expands caudally in to a large rectangular region bounded laterally by the darker internal capsulae, dorsally by the ventricles and the ventral hippocampal commissure, and ventrally by a more subtle border with the hypothalamus, which can be arbitrarily estimated as a horizontal line between the medial lemnisci. Further caudally the lateral border is defined by a thin sliver of lateral ventricle and the dark appearing fimbria. The caudal border of the diencephalon with the midbrain is the most difficult part of this segmentation. Moving caudally, the midbrain begins to define the ventral border of the diencephalon just as the substantia nigra (light on T2) comes in to view. Slightly more caudal, at roughly the caudal-most extent of the mammillary bodies, the slightly brighter superior colliculus emerges as the dorsal border of the diencephalon. Still further caudal the dorsal and ventral parts of the midbrain move closer together as the diencephalon disappears. Finally, near the caudal border of the substantia nigra all that remains of the diencephalon is the geniculate nuclei, which are light appearing protrusions from the midbrain in to the hippocampus. | ILX:0103218 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Diencephalon of WHS11 | Superparcellation of Waxholm mouse brain atlas comprising the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pineal gland and third ventricle. Excludes the fornix lying within these structures. | ILX:0103219 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
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